Gender and Christianity in medieval Europe : New perspectives Edited by Lisa M. Bitel and Felice Lifshitz. In Gender and Christianity in Medieval Europe, six historians seek to explain the convergence of religion and gender in medieval Christendom. Collectively their essays explore how medieval people professed Christianity, how they performed gender, and how the two coincided. Many of the daily religious decisions people made were influenced by gender, the authors contend. Women's pious donations, for instance, were limited by laws of inheritance and marriage customs; male clerics' behavior depended upon their understanding of masculinity as much as on the demands of liturgy. The job of religious practitioner, whether as a nun, monk, priest, bishop, or some less formal participant, involved not only professing a set of religious ideals but also professing gender in both ideal and practical terms. The authors also argue that medieval Europeans chose how to be women or men (or some complex combination of the two), just as they decided whether and how to be religious. In this sense, religious institutions freed men and women from some of the gendered limits otherwise imposed by society. Whereas previous scholarship has tended to focus exclusively either on masculinity or on aristocratic women, the authors define their topic to include the study of all genders. Likewise, their essays strive for a generous definition of religious history, which has too often been a history of its most visible participants and dominant discourses. Thus, Gender and Christianity in Medieval Europe steps back from received assumptions about religion, gender, and history by considering what the terms "woman," "man," and "religious" truly mean for historians, ultimately enhancing our understanding of the gendered implications of every pious thought and ritual gesture of medieval Christians. Lisa M. Bitel is Professor of History, Religion, and Gender Studies at the University of Southern California. She is author of Isle of the Saints: Monastic Settlement and Christian Community in Early Ireland. Felice Lifshitz is Professor of History and Fellow of the Honors College at Florida International University . Her books include The Name of the Saint: The Martyrology of Jerome and Access to the Sacred in Francia, 627-827 .