As if Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East Ehud R. Toledano This groundbreaking book reconceptualizes slavery through the voices of enslaved persons themselves, voices that have remained silent in the narratives of conventional history. Focusing in particular on the Islamic Middle East from the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century, Ehud R. Toledano examines how bonded persons experienced enslavement In Ottoman societies. He draws on court records and a variety of other previously unexamined primary sources to uncover important new information about the Africans and Circassians who were forcibly removed from their own societies and transplanted into Middle East cultures that were alien to them. Toledano also considers the experiences of these enslaved people within the context of the global history of slavery. The text looks at the bonds of slavery from an original perspective, moving away from the traditional master-slave domination paradigm toward the point of view of the enslaved and their responses to their plight. With keen and original insights, Toledano suggests new ways of thinking about enslavement. Ehud R. Toledano is professor of Middle East history and director of the Graduate School of Historical Studies, Tel Aviv University.