The New Spirit of Capitalism Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello In this major work, sociologists Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello go to the heart of the changes in contemporary business culture. Via an unprecedented analysis of the latest management texts that have formed the thinking of employers in their reorganization of business, the authors trace the contours of a new spirit of capitalism. They argue that from the middle of the 1970s onwards, capitalism abandoned the hierarchical Fordist work structure and developed a new network-based form of organization that was founded on employee initiative and autonomy in the workplace - a 'freedom' that came at the cost of material and psychological security. The authors connect this new spirit with the children of the libertarian and romantic currents of the late 1960s (as epitomized by dressed-down, cool capitalists such as Bill Gates and 'Ben and Jerry') arguing that they practice a more successful and subtle form of exploitation. In a work that is already a classic in Europe, Boltanski and Chiapello show how the new spirit triumphed thanks to a remarkable recuperation of the Left's critique of the alienation of everyday life - a recuperation that simultaneously undermined the power of its social critique. Luc Boltanski teaches sociology at the EHESS, Paris. He is the author of numerous books, including The making of a Class: Cadres in French society and Distant Suffering ; Morality, Media and Politics. Eve Chiapello is an associate professor at the HEC School of Management, Paris. She is the author of Artistes Versus Managers